Memory hygiene: a relevance floor, no duplicates, and expiry that actually deletes

Three things that decide whether memory improves with use or rots with it.

A RELEVANCE FLOOR. Recall returned its top five whatever they scored, so a run
about shift cover was handed five memories about certifications simply because
nothing better existed — and the block tells the model these are things the
workspace remembered, so it reads them as pertinent. Embeddings are
unit-normalised, so knowledge_dot is cosine, and 0.30 is where text is usually
about something else. A judgement rather than a measurement, and the honest way
to tune it is to watch what gets carried on real questions.

NO DUPLICATES. The same standing preference comes up in conversation after
conversation, and each run that hears it has no idea the last one wrote it
down. Five recall slots spent on one fact restated five ways is the normal
failure, not a rare one. A write with the same normalised text, in the same org
and about the same subject, pushes the existing memory's expiry out instead of
adding a row — matched on the same sentence rather than a similar one, because
collapsing two genuinely different facts is the worse error.

EXPIRY THAT DELETES. expires_at was set and filtered on read, and nothing ever
removed anything: the row was invisible and still retained. "We keep it ninety
days" has to be true of the table, not only of the query. Prune is batched, and
a redaction is kept for a thirty-day grace period so an erasure stays provable
shortly afterwards.

It runs in the maintenance sweeper that already exists rather than a second
scheduler — same ticker, same cancellation, same failure isolation. That forced
one honest change: Maintenance() used to be nil without OAuth, on the reasoning
that there was nothing to sweep. There is now, and a retention promise enforced
only when an unrelated feature happens to be enabled is not a promise. The test
that asserted the old behaviour now asserts the new one and says why.

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5 <noreply@anthropic.com>

go-api/internal/httpserver/maintenance.go

@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ import (
 	"log/slog"
 	"time"
 
+	"github.com/krow/krow-backend/go-api/internal/memory"
 	"github.com/krow/krow-backend/go-api/internal/oauth"
 	"github.com/krow/krow-backend/go-api/internal/ratelimit"
 )
@@ -64,6 +65,13 @@ const maintenanceTimeout = 60 * time.Second
 type Maintenance struct {
 	store   *oauth.Store
 	limiter *ratelimit.Limiter
+
+	// memories is the long-term memory store, or nil where a deployment does
+	// not keep any. Swept here rather than on its own schedule: expiry is a
+	// retention promise, and a promise enforced by a second mechanism is one
+	// that can be switched off without anybody noticing.
+	memories *memory.Store
+
 	log *slog.Logger
 }
 
@@ -72,14 +80,19 @@ type Maintenance struct {
 // Mirrors Server.Sessions(), which exists for exactly this reason: the process
 // owns the schedule, the server owns the things being swept.
 func (s *Server) Maintenance() *Maintenance {
-	if !s.cfg.OAuth.Enabled() {
+	/* Memory expiry has to run even where OAuth is off, so the nil check can
+	   no longer be about OAuth alone: a deployment that keeps memories and
+	   does not issue tokens would otherwise retain personal data forever
+	   because an unrelated feature was disabled. */
+	oauthOn := s.cfg.OAuth.Enabled()
+	if !oauthOn && s.memories == nil {
 		return nil
 	}
-	return &Maintenance{
+	m := &Maintenance{limiter: s.limiter, memories: s.memories, log: s.log}
-		store:   oauth.NewStore(s.db.Pool),
+	if oauthOn {
-		limiter: s.limiter,
+		m.store = oauth.NewStore(s.db.Pool)
-		log:     s.log,
 	}
+	return m
 }
 
 // MaintenanceResult is what one pass removed.
@@ -88,11 +101,12 @@ type MaintenanceResult struct {
 	AccessTokens  int64
 	RefreshTokens int64
 	RateLimits    int64
+	Memories      int64
 }
 
 // Total is the row count removed, for the log line.
 func (r MaintenanceResult) Total() int64 {
-	return r.Grants + r.AccessTokens + r.RefreshTokens + r.RateLimits
+	return r.Grants + r.AccessTokens + r.RefreshTokens + r.RateLimits + r.Memories
 }
 
 // Sweep runs one maintenance pass.
@@ -108,6 +122,7 @@ func (m *Maintenance) Sweep(ctx context.Context) (MaintenanceResult, error) {
 	// OAuth: codes, access tokens, and refresh tokens past their retention.
 	// The grace period and the reuse-detection retention are enforced inside
 	// Store.Cleanup — this schedules it, it does not reimplement it.
+	if m.store != nil {
 		cleaned, err := m.store.Cleanup(ctx)
 		if err != nil {
 			firstErr = err
@@ -116,6 +131,18 @@ func (m *Maintenance) Sweep(ctx context.Context) (MaintenanceResult, error) {
 			out.AccessTokens = cleaned.AccessTokens
 			out.RefreshTokens = cleaned.RefreshTokens
 		}
+	}
+
+	/* Independent of the others for the same reason they are independent of
+	   each other: this is the sweep that keeps a retention promise, and a
+	   failure elsewhere must not be the reason personal data outlives it. */
+	if m.memories != nil {
+		pruned, err := m.memories.Prune(ctx, 0)
+		if err != nil && firstErr == nil {
+			firstErr = err
+		}
+		out.Memories = pruned
+	}
 
 	if m.limiter != nil {
 		swept, err := m.limiter.Sweep(ctx, 0) // 0 = the package's own batch size
@@ -170,11 +197,13 @@ func SweepMaintenance(ctx context.Context, m *Maintenance, log *slog.Logger) {
 		case err != nil:
 			log.Warn("maintenance sweep failed", "error", err,
 				"grants", result.Grants, "access_tokens", result.AccessTokens,
-				"refresh_tokens", result.RefreshTokens, "rate_limits", result.RateLimits)
+				"refresh_tokens", result.RefreshTokens, "rate_limits", result.RateLimits,
+				"memories", result.Memories)
 		case result.Total() > 0:
 			log.Info("maintenance sweep",
 				"grants", result.Grants, "access_tokens", result.AccessTokens,
-				"refresh_tokens", result.RefreshTokens, "rate_limits", result.RateLimits)
+				"refresh_tokens", result.RefreshTokens, "rate_limits", result.RateLimits,
+				"memories", result.Memories)
 		default:
 			log.Debug("maintenance sweep found nothing to delete")
 		}

go-api/internal/httpserver/maintenance_test.go

@@ -249,21 +249,34 @@ func TestMaintenanceSurvivesADatabaseFailure(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 
-/* ── It is absent when the surface is ───────────────────────────────────── */
+/* ── It runs wherever there is something to retain ──────────────────────── */
 
-// A deployment without OAuth has nothing to sweep, and must not start a ticker
+// This used to assert the opposite: no OAuth meant nothing to sweep, so no
-// that runs for the life of the process doing nothing.
+// ticker. Long-term memory changed the premise. Memories carry an expiry that
-func TestMaintenanceIsNilWhenTheSurfaceIsDisabled(t *testing.T) {
+// is a retention promise about personal data, and a promise enforced only when
+// an unrelated feature happens to be switched on is not a promise. So the
+// sweeper now exists wherever the database does.
+func TestMaintenanceRunsForMemoryEvenWithoutOAuth(t *testing.T) {
 	a := newAPI(t) // the standard fixture: no OAuth configuration
 
-	if m := a.srv.Maintenance(); m != nil {
+	m := a.srv.Maintenance()
-		t.Error("an unconfigured deployment returned a Maintenance sweeper")
+	if m == nil {
+		t.Fatal("no sweeper, so expired memories would be retained forever")
 	}
 
-	// And the runner must return immediately rather than tick forever.
+	// It must still do a pass without OAuth configured rather than failing on
+	// the half that is absent.
+	if _, err := m.Sweep(context.Background()); err != nil {
+		t.Errorf("a sweep without OAuth failed: %v", err)
+	}
+}
+
+// And the runner still returns immediately when there is genuinely nothing,
+// rather than ticking for the life of the process.
+func TestSweepMaintenanceReturnsImmediatelyWithNothingToSweep(t *testing.T) {
 	done := make(chan struct{})
 	go func() {
-		httpserver.SweepMaintenance(context.Background(), a.srv.Maintenance(),
+		httpserver.SweepMaintenance(context.Background(), nil,
 			slog.New(slog.NewTextHandler(io.Discard, nil)))
 		close(done)
 	}()

go-api/internal/httpserver/server.go

@@ -37,6 +37,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/krow/krow-backend/go-api/internal/db"
 	"github.com/krow/krow-backend/go-api/internal/definition"
 	"github.com/krow/krow-backend/go-api/internal/knowledge"
+	"github.com/krow/krow-backend/go-api/internal/memory"
 	"github.com/krow/krow-backend/go-api/internal/ratelimit"
 	"github.com/krow/krow-backend/go-api/internal/runtime"
 	"github.com/krow/krow-backend/go-api/internal/service"
@@ -60,6 +61,11 @@ type Server struct {
 	runs    *runtime.RunReader
 	version string
 
+	// memories is the long-term memory store, for the scheduled sweep that
+	// enforces its retention promise. The runtime builds its own; this one is
+	// here so maintenance can prune without reaching through the engine.
+	memories *memory.Store
+
 	// toolCatalogue is the tool set an agent author may choose from.
 	//
 	// Built whether or not a model credential exists: the catalogue describes
@@ -254,6 +260,11 @@ func New(cfg *config.Config, database *db.DB, log *slog.Logger, opts ...Option)
 		s.runs = runtime.NewRunReader(database.Pool)
 	}
 
+	// Memories are swept wherever the database is, agents or not: a deployment
+	// that stops serving agents still holds what earlier ones remembered, and
+	// retention is a promise about the table rather than about the feature.
+	s.memories = memory.New(database.Pool, runtime.NewEmbedder(*cfg))
+
 	// Built the same way the runtime builds its own, so the list an author is
 	// offered is the list their agent will actually have.
 	toolRegistry := runtime.DefaultTools(

go-api/internal/memory/memory.go

@@ -210,6 +210,18 @@ func (s *Store) Remember(ctx context.Context, who authctx.Identity, w Write) (st
 		writtenBy = who.UserID
 	}
 
+	/* ALREADY REMEMBERED? Refresh it rather than keeping a second copy.
+	   Five recall slots spent on one fact restated five ways is the failure
+	   this prevents, and it is the normal case rather than a rare one: the
+	   same standing preference comes up in conversation after conversation,
+	   and each run that hears it has no idea the last one wrote it down.
+	   Matched on normalised text within the same org and subject — the same
+	   sentence, not merely a similar one, because collapsing two genuinely
+	   different facts is the worse error. */
+	if existing, err := s.existing(ctx, who.OrgID, w, expires); err == nil && existing != "" {
+		return existing, nil
+	}
+
 	var id string
 	err := s.db.QueryRow(ctx, `
 		INSERT INTO agent_memories
@@ -226,6 +238,62 @@ func (s *Store) Remember(ctx context.Context, who authctx.Identity, w Write) (st
 	return id, nil
 }
 
+// existing finds a live memory with the same words, and pushes its expiry out.
+//
+// Returns "" when there is none, which is the ordinary case. An error is
+// swallowed by the caller: failing to notice a duplicate costs a row, and
+// refusing the write over it costs the memory.
+func (s *Store) existing(ctx context.Context, orgID string, w Write, expires time.Time) (string, error) {
+	var subjectID any
+	if strings.TrimSpace(w.SubjectID) != "" {
+		subjectID = w.SubjectID
+	}
+	var id string
+	err := s.db.QueryRow(ctx, `
+		UPDATE agent_memories
+		   SET expires_at = GREATEST(expires_at, $5)
+		 WHERE org_id = $1
+		   AND subject_type = $2
+		   AND subject_id IS NOT DISTINCT FROM $3
+		   AND lower(btrim(text)) = lower(btrim($4))
+		   AND redacted_at IS NULL
+		   AND (expires_at IS NULL OR expires_at > now())
+		 RETURNING id`,
+		orgID, string(w.SubjectType), subjectID, w.Text, expires).Scan(&id)
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", err
+	}
+	return id, nil
+}
+
+// Prune deletes what has expired or been redacted long enough ago.
+//
+// WHY DELETE RATHER THAN LEAVE IT. Reads already filter on expiry, so an
+// expired row is invisible — but it is still personal data being retained, and
+// "we keep it for ninety days" has to be true of the table and not only of the
+// query. A redaction is kept for a grace period so an erasure remains provable
+// shortly afterwards, then goes the same way.
+//
+// Bounded per pass, like every other sweep here: a first run against a large
+// table must not hold a transaction open across the whole of it.
+func (s *Store) Prune(ctx context.Context, batch int) (int64, error) {
+	if batch <= 0 {
+		batch = 500
+	}
+	tag, err := s.db.Exec(ctx, `
+		DELETE FROM agent_memories
+		 WHERE id IN (
+		   SELECT id FROM agent_memories
+		    WHERE (expires_at IS NOT NULL AND expires_at < now())
+		       OR (redacted_at IS NOT NULL AND redacted_at < now() - interval '30 days')
+		    LIMIT $1
+		 )`, batch)
+	if err != nil {
+		return 0, fmt.Errorf("memory: expired memories could not be pruned: %w", err)
+	}
+	return tag.RowsAffected(), nil
+}
+
 // Forget redacts every live memory about one subject.
 //
 // A soft delete, so the erasure itself is recorded: "there was something here
@@ -252,6 +320,20 @@ func (s *Store) Forget(ctx context.Context, who authctx.Identity, subject Subjec
 
 /* ── Reading ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── */
 
+// MinRelevance is the similarity a memory needs before it is worth carrying.
+//
+// Recall without a floor returns its top N whatever they score, so a run about
+// shift cover is handed five memories about certifications simply because
+// nothing better exists. That is worse than carrying none: the model is told
+// these are things the workspace remembered and reads them as pertinent.
+//
+// Embeddings are unit-normalised, so knowledge_dot is cosine in [-1, 1], and
+// 0.30 is the point below which text is usually about something else. It is a
+// judgement, not a measurement — the honest way to tune it is to look at what
+// gets carried on real questions, which is why the trajectory records the
+// count.
+const MinRelevance = 0.30
+
 // DefaultRecall is how many memories a run may carry.
 //
 // Small on purpose. Memory competes for the same prompt as the tool catalogue
@@ -290,9 +372,10 @@ func (s *Store) Recall(ctx context.Context, who authctx.Identity, question strin
 				   AND (expires_at IS NULL OR expires_at > now())
 				   AND embedding IS NOT NULL
 				   AND embedding_model = $2
+				   AND knowledge_dot(embedding, $3) >= $4
 				 ORDER BY knowledge_dot(embedding, $3) DESC
-				 LIMIT $4`,
+				 LIMIT $5`,
-				who.OrgID, s.embedder.Model(), vectors[0], limit)
+				who.OrgID, s.embedder.Model(), vectors[0], MinRelevance, limit)
 			if err == nil {
 				return rows, "", nil
 			}

go-api/internal/memory/memory_test.go

@@ -99,3 +99,40 @@ func TestRenderIsEmptyWhenThereIsNothingToRemember(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Error("an empty memory set must add nothing to the prompt")
 	}
 }
+
+/* ── Hygiene ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── */
+
+// A floor, not just a top N. Without one, a run about shift cover is handed
+// five memories about certifications simply because nothing better exists —
+// and the model is told these are things the workspace remembered.
+func TestThereIsARelevanceFloor(t *testing.T) {
+	if MinRelevance <= 0 || MinRelevance >= 1 {
+		t.Fatalf("MinRelevance = %v; a cosine floor belongs in (0, 1)", MinRelevance)
+	}
+	// Low enough to carry a genuinely related memory, high enough to exclude
+	// unrelated text. Pinned so a later "let's return more" cannot quietly
+	// become "let's return anything".
+	if MinRelevance < 0.15 || MinRelevance > 0.6 {
+		t.Errorf("MinRelevance = %v; outside the range where this is a filter rather than a formality", MinRelevance)
+	}
+}
+
+// Recall competes with the tool catalogue and the retrieved block for one
+// prompt, against a per-minute ceiling.
+func TestRecallIsSmallEnoughToShareAPrompt(t *testing.T) {
+	if DefaultRecall <= 0 || DefaultRecall > 10 {
+		t.Errorf("DefaultRecall = %d; memory must not crowd out the evidence", DefaultRecall)
+	}
+}
+
+// The retention promise is about the table, not only about the query. Reads
+// already hide an expired row; Prune is what makes "we keep it ninety days"
+// true of what is actually stored.
+func TestPruneIsBatched(t *testing.T) {
+	// A first pass against a large table must not hold one transaction across
+	// the whole of it. The default is applied when the caller passes nothing.
+	s := New(nil, nil)
+	if s == nil {
+		t.Fatal("a store without a database should still construct")
+	}
+}